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The Uskok War, also known as the War of Gradisca, was fought by the Austrians and Spanish on one side and the Venetians, Dutch and English on the other. It is named for the Uskoks, Croatian soldiers used by the Austrians for irregular warfare. Since the Uskoks were checked on land and were rarely paid their annual salary, they resorted to piracy. In addition to attacking Turkish ships, they attacked Venetian merchantmen. Although the Venetians tried to protect their shipping with escorts, watchtowers and other protective measures, the cost became prohibitive: 120,000 Thalers annually during the 1590s, 200,000 in the 17th century and 360,000 by 1615.〔Parker, Geoffrey. ''The Thirty Years' War'', 2nd edition. 1997. p. 36. ISBN 0-415-12883-8〕 In December 1615 Venetian troops besiegeed Gradisca, on the Isonzo River. The Venetians launched a diplomatic campaign for allies, since the Uskoks were vassals of Archduke Ferdinand of Inner Austria (who was likely to seek help from the Holy Roman Emperor Matthias—his uncle—and King Philip III of Spain, his brother-in-law. In September 1616, Count John Ernest of Nassau-Siegen agreed to raise 3,000 men in the Dutch Republic for Venetian service. They arrived in May 1617, followed six months later by another 2,000 with a contingent of English volunteers. Spanish support was blocked at sea by a flotilla of 12 Dutch and 10 English warships, and on land by the war in Mantua.〔Parker, ibid. p. 36〕 ==Beginning== The conflict began in January 1616 in Collio, where a garrison of Uskok and Segani supported the Austrian faction. After the Venetian faction gained the advantage in Mariano, they advanced to Gradisca d'Isonzo on 24 February 1616 and camped in Farra. The Venetian Republic, powerful at sea, was master of the Adriatic; Austria had a small part of the coast of Trieste and Croatia which was blocked by Venice. Any vessel could pass this border without paying taxes or having a Venetian residence. In January 1616, Collio was guarded by Uskoks and Segnana in Vipulzano and San Martino di Quisco. A Venetian detachment remained in the field of Mariano. Romans and Medeans, camped near Farra, advanced on 24 February 1616 towards Gradisca. The siege lasted for twenty-nine days. The Venetian fleet crashed in Trieste, whose garrison was reinforced by Capt. Sebastian Zuech. With 1,000 cavalry and infantry, Benedict Lezze occupied the Venetian castle of San Servolo. Uskok troops led by Wolfang Frangipane, the Count of Tersato and vice-general of Croatia, arrived in Monfalcone on 26 November 1615 and plundered the town. The Venetian garrison was restricted to the fortress. On the Karst Plateau between Slovenia and Corgnale in present-day Piedimonte, 1,200 Croatian soldiers, 500 horsemen and 500 Uskoks faced 3,000 Venetians led by Lezze. Although the Duke of Savoy proposed an alliance, the Venetian Senate refused. The administrator of present-day Palmanova mobilized the militias of Savorgnan and Friuli, a total of 3,000 men. The raids began around the Habsburg Gradisca fortress. In the first phase of the war, action in Venice was characterized by mobile offensive forces and the element of surprise. The Archduke abandoned a number of cities (Cervignano, Aquileia, Castelporpetto, Maranutto, Mariano, Romans d'Isonzo, Cormons and Medea Sagrado), castles and villages to defend stronger positions. Repulsed, the Uskoks plundered the surrounding villages and the Venetian Loredan administrator received reinforcements to defend the south from their incursions. Parenzo and Rovigno sent artillery, and Pula sent food and weapons. The armies were concentrated in Sanvincenti, Istria. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Uskok War」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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